The Synapse is a trait that is exclusive to Tyranids in Warhammer 40K Space Marine 2 where the swarm is connected to and controlled by a Hive Mind. If you target these Synapses and destroy them, then all the gaunts that were connected by it will become useless.
The swarm will either die instantly when the link is broken or be rendered crawling on the ground making them easy to execute. However, not all Tyranid gaunts are linked to a Synapse in the RPG. The ones that fight in a large swarm are the ones that play by the Synapse rule.
Here is a guide on everything you need to know about the Synapse system in Space Marine 2.
Space Marine 2 Tyranid Synapse explained

Synapse is the system by which some of the Tyranid gaunts function by connecting themselves to a central Hive Mind. If the link is broken then these gaunts usually die or become useless enough to just crawl on the ground so that you can just execute them.
Gaunts that work in a swarm are usually connected to the hive mind. Some large Tyranid Warriors will also be able to function without having a Synapse link. So once you break a synapse, it’s likely that these warriors will continue to function.
Tyranid warriors act as the Synaptic link themselves. So even if you are breaking a Synapse, if there are other Tyranid Warriors around, they will be able to assume the role of the link themselves keeping the gaunts that are connected to the Hive alive.
How to easily break Tyranid Synapse in Space Marine 2
To break Synpase and make gaunts that are linked to it useless, you will need to find the Tyranids that are serving as the link. You will usually find Tyranid Warriors, Zoanthropes, and Hive Tyrants who have the synapse.
So killing each of them that serve as the link will break Synapse and make the linked gaunts useless. You can kill them in a variety of ways so depending on the class that you have taken and the weapons that you have equipped, you might look to go for a ranged or a melee-heavy playstyle.
So everytime you see an enemy who has the Synapse on them, make sure to take them out as soon as possible. This will make completing missions in the higher difficulty levels significantly easier.